农业：新的挑战
Agriculture: the new challenges
人类通过耕种土地，在自然世界里第一次留下自己的痕迹，这同时也宣告了他们对这片土地的所有权，不过最重要的是他们通过有组织的农事活动第一次过上了自给自足的生活。如今，在保证生产效率、避免资源过度开发的前提下，如何保证粮食安全、维持农业可持续发展、推动绿色经济成为亟待解决的问题。同时，人类已经探索出适合植物生长的其他星球，这一发现也将对农业发展带来新的挑战。
本次展会分为两个部分：
在第一部分，我们会对目前正在进行的研究进行简要的介绍。这些研究主要围绕植物在复杂的空间内的存活概率而展开，复杂的空间环境可以是人造卫星、宇宙飞船，甚至可以是另一颗星球。我们将从国际上所有涉及空间研究科学的合作成果讲起，旨在发掘空间条件的真正内涵，建立一种能够解决农业发展中所遇到的生物学和技术方面问题的种植系统，像欧洲空间局（ESA）意大利宇航员保罗·内斯波利（Paolo Nespoli）说的那样，把植物“带到宇宙空间里，这样可以更好地对其展开研究，借此来帮助人类维持正常生活。只要我们齐心协力，说不定就可以把其他星球改造成适合人类居住的新世界。”
第二部分主要涉及农业发展中面临的人口问题。预计在2050年，地球上的人口将达到90亿，其中每四个人中有三个生活在城市里，如何保证这些人口的粮食供给同样是一个巨大的挑战。
在二十一世纪，粮食安全问题不容忽视。如何保证越来越多的人口，尤其是城市人口的粮食供应？如何在土壤肥力急速下降、水资源大量流失的背景下做到“无人不饱暖”？如果要解决这些问题，同时又不过分索取自然资源、恶化越来越棘手的气候环境问题，那么很有必要按照我们的方式对农业生产进行一次革新。
首先我们将从意大利和中国的情况中各取一例，对新型城乡分布模型进行阐释。农业所带来的经济效益是人口分布的动因，这一分布的模型又包含了地区发展、尊重自然环境，以及能源、社会、经济可持续发展等诸多因素。接着我们会探讨新的农作方式。在全世界范围内，新的农作方式层出不穷，废弃的土地可以重新投入使用，开发成城市菜园和社区花园，并取得一定的效益。不仅如此，屋顶上也可以种植果蔬。如果我们采用最先进的农业种植技术，离开土壤也可以种瓜种豆，比如说绿色植生墙、垂直花园、海上漂浮温室等等。其中海上漂浮温室采用特殊的脱盐设备，可以直接用海水灌溉作物。由此可见，未来的城市很有可能会变成乡村。
Agriculture is the first imprint of human kind on the Earth and on the Natural World, and above all it was the first organized sustenance system. Today, the demand for food safety, sustainable agriculture and green economy, an ever greater productivity free from the uncontrolled exploitation of planet's resources, are the major issues to be faced, along with the challenge of conquering new worlds where plants can grow up and feed a new life.
The exhibition is made up of two sections:
On the one hand, it briefly traces the boundaries of the latest in progress research on the possibility of growing plants in tough environments such as Satellites and Space Shuttles, or even on other planets. These studies start from international collaborations through which the whole scientific world concerned in Spatial research gets involved in studying problems, possibilities, solutions to create the right environmental conditions and the cultivation systems through which overcome biological and technological obstacles, eventually bringing plants into the Space in order to study them closely, so that they may help us to stay alive. Maybe, all together we will be able to transform some planet in an inhabitable one” says Paolo Nespoli, Italian astronaut of the European Space Agency (ESA).
The feature of the second section bring the topic of agriculture back “on Earth” , where the challenge to nourish 9 billion people, as many as in 2050 the inhabitants of our planet are going to be, of which three out of four people will live in big cities, seems equally complex. Food safety is the real problem of the 21st century. How to ensure enough food for a growing population, especially in the suburbs of around the biggest cities? How to do it despite the availability of productive land and water resources is increasingly restricting? To address these problems without affecting the resources of the planet and exacerbating the already delicate climate issue, a revolution in our way of understanding agricultural production is needed.
They are featured two examples, one in Italy and one in China, about the innovative patterns of urban/rural settlements where agriculture is slowly becoming the driving force for the population to successful combine the development of the locality, the respect for the environment, energetic, social and economic sustainability with new ways of growing plants. Throughout the world, the examples of reusing disused lands are more and more increasing in numbers, in order to create urban and communities gardens. Equally increasing are the examples of fruits and vegetables grown on the roofs, or using the new “off-ground” technology which employs green walls, vertical farms and floating greenhouses in addition to desalination plants conceived to use salt water for irrigation: the future of our cities is to become a countryside.
Curator
- Alessandra Fasanaro, Bruno Discepolo, Giovanni Aurino
Ado Architecture design organisation
special thanks to
Giovanna Aronne – Università Federico II Napoli
Fabrizio Cembalo